Baroque Music: Speech And Debate

Speech and Debate 8. October 2009 Baroque Music Hello, my name is and thank you for listening to my speech. Have you ever thought about how music got to the way it is today? Baroque music may seem boring or useless, but is a very important part of music history. Today I am going to talk about the basics of baroque music, the main instruments used during the baroque period, and the influences on baroque composers. So, to give you some background of baroque music, here are the six eras of music. As you can see, baroque is towards the middle, from 1600-1750. Baroque music is easily recognizable from different eras of music because of its distinct qualities. According to essentialsofmusic. com, the baroque era produced very dramatic music. In a baroque piece, there are many switches in dynamics, which means that the music would be soft then all of a sudden loud, or vice versa. This is because the instruments at the time weren’t capable of medium volume. There are also many switches between solos and ensembles, so there would be one person playing, then suddenly the whole group would join. According to baroque. com, baroque music was also very repetitive. The same rhythms were repeated multiple times throughout the piece. Also, the mood was kept the same throughout the piece. For example, when a song began sadly, it ended sadly. The instruments used in a piece of music have a lot of impact on the sound. There were many different types of instruments used during the baroque era. According to thinkquest. com, there were about thirteen main instruments used. The first three, the clavichord, harpsichord, and organ are keyboard-like instruments. The harpsichord is the most popular out of the three and is a factor that makes baroque music unique. The three main string instruments used were the violin, double bass, and lute. The violin was the most popular in the Baroque period whereas the lute and double bass were used more in the Renaissance. The three main wind instruments used were the bassoon, oboe, and flute. The trumpet, trombone, and horn were used in larger groups but not for solos. The only percussion, or drums, used was the timpani, which is a set of five drums that can be tuned to different notes. When a composer is writing music, they are influenced by the things going on around them in the world. During the baroque period, there were many major events occurring. According to Catherine Schmidt-Jones’ article â€Å"Music of the Baroque Period† on cnx. org, the Age of Reason was going on during the baroque period. This meant that many brilliant scientists like Galileo ad Henry Bacon were making discoveries. Also during the Age of Reason, churches had less power than they did in the Middle Ages or Renaissance. So, musicians didn’t rely on them as much to buy their music which led to more diverse and creative styles. According to eh. net, the Age of Crisis was also occurring during the baroque period. This consisted of a very long recession and a war between France, England, and several other small countries, which controlled two of Europe’s biggest economies. Now that you know more about baroque music, here are a few composers from this time. Bach is the one that will be familiar to most of you. Now I am going to play a selection of Baroque music. At the very beginning, you can hear the string instruments, mostly violin, playing very softly. If you listen closely you will hear the counterpoint as many different parts are played at the same time. Then, suddenly the music gets very loud and forceful but still keeps the same mood. The brass instruments are playing in the background but are not the main part. This song is called â€Å"Water Music† and is by George Frideric Handel. In closing, I hope that you can see that baroque music is an important part of musical history. The basics of baroque music, instruments used during the baroque period, and influences on baroque composers are all an important part of what makes up baroque music. So, the next time you hear some older music, instead of tuning it out, listen for the different parts of the piece. Thank you again for listening and I hope you enjoyed my speech.

Animals Don’t Have Enough Rights

Animal rights Good morning my friends! how are you today? i’m going to start this discussion with a simple question â€Å" will you go to jail if you kill a human? †. Ofcourse you will, this is because humans have a right to live and to take ones life is a sin right? now let me ask you another question â€Å"will you go to jail if you kill an animal? †. The answer is no, why is this? because humans are more inferior then others? a life is a life whether its a human or an animal.Do you know that in one day an average human kills up to 3 animals? why? just so you can eat a good lunch or dinner at KFC or Mcdonalds. In my opinion animals dont have enough rights this is my topic for today. Did it ever occur to you that maybe animals have rights too? just because they cant speak doesnt mean they cant feel. Every year millions of animals are disected,infected,injected,gassed burned and blinded in hidden labs all over the world and most of the time without painkillers. A nd what for? ust so you can get the latest perfume or shampoo. Would it kill to use organic items? if they arent killed the animals get traumatised and are shaken up which is worse. The truth is, is that animal testing has endangered the life of humans because the results from animal testing cant be applied to humans. This is because animals and humans are completely different from each other! less than 2% of the diseases in humans appear on animals. In Australia last year, 6. 5 million animals were used in experiments.In these research labs just imagine how these animals would feel they are shoved in cages that are so small they get grazes and cuts on their skin from trying to get comfy, also when an animal dies it is kept in a wheelbarrow near the cages. The animals get scared and even sometimes attack each other. Despite the death of these animals before they even get tested, lab workers continue to stuff them in tiny cages, each animal branded with a barcode number instead of a name.In conclusion, animal testing is unreliable and sick, and now that there are alternatives to this (synthetic human skin, vitro testing) I suggest the government fully ban animal testing, we can help too! next time you go shopping buy animal friendly products only and then animal testing labs will be forced to shut down and try not to eat too much of meat so that the killing of animals can be reduced. lets make the world a better, safer, happier place for humans and animals Remember animals have rights too!

Queensland University of Technology Essay

Consultation Times: Consultation times will be posted on the Blackboard site by the end of Week 1. As this is a 12 credit point unit, students are expected to spend 12 hours per week studying. As there are 3 hours of contact, you are expected to spend on average an extra 9 hours in your own time, studying and completing all assessment items. Mode of Offering This unit is not offered in the form of external study. While resources such as lecture recordings and tutorial solutions may be made available, it is expected that students will attend class and participate, such that electronic resources are used in addition to attendance at scheduled classes. Blackboard You are deemed to have full knowledge of all information posted on the unit Blackboard site http://blackboard.qut.edu.au. It is vital that you check the Blackboard site and your QUT student email account on a regular basis for all important administrative announcements regarding this unit. All material on the unit Blackboard site will be removed on the day of the final exam for this unit. It is your responsibility to ensure that you have copies of all materials before this date. Development of Graduate Capabilities/Assurance of Learning Goals The QUT Business School has established the Assurance of Learning Goals (AOLs) to meet contemporary industry needs and standards. Achieving these learning outcomes will assist you to meet the desired graduate outcomes set at QUT and are aligned with other internationally accredited business schools. These AOLs are described on page 8 and the specific contribution of this unit to the overall development of the learning goals in the School of Accountancy units is shown on page 9. MODIFICATIONS TO UNIT FROM STUDENT FEEDBACK In response to student feedback, the content of the subject was reviewed for Semester 2, 2011 and the assessment requirements have been modified. In order to ensure that the assessment tasks more appropriately support your learning, the mid-semester exam has been removed and replaced with weekly tutorial work. The tutorial work is to be undertaken prior to the tutorial and comprise exam-related questions. The tutorial work comprises two types of questions, practical and critical thinking. The tutorial work will be collected each week and marked at random 5 times during the semester and are worth 5% each. The best 4 of 5 collections will count towards the overall 20% available for tutorial work. The tutorial work will be corrected in class by the student and then handed in. The work will be marked for ‘accuracy’. The weekly tutorial work is designed to develop a more independent, active and deeper learning process. The overall objective is to ensure that you have the opportunity to participate in the weekly tutorial class to the best of your ability and to receive a constant level of feedback and guidance. By adopting the role of â€Å"self-marker† in you will receive a clear understanding of not only the relevant solutions but also the level of understanding required for the final exam. Critical Thinking workshops have been introduced for the first time this semester to assist students in understanding the concept of Critical Thinking and provide assistance to students in learning how to answer (and structure their answer) to Critical Thinking based questions.

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Corporate governance - Essay Example Moreover, evidence of working together as a team and the essence of synergy would always ensure sustainable competitive market. This is what is targeted as one of the most principle aspects by investors and its slightest brink make an organization susceptible to tragic downfall incase of scam or misappropriation (Geel 2011). Hawkama, an institute of corporate, being put in place by independent international institutions that teamed up together, was meant to reform good governance by helping the countries that participated in the treaty to have good financial and economic integration amongst them and other countries across the globe. The main mission of the Hawkama treaty was to help the countries involved develop good strategies necessary to improve universally, well integrated corporate governance. Besides, it was meant to enhance efficiency in relation to coordination, designing, planning and actual rolling of proficient corporate governance reforms. Moreover, the institution is eq uipped with the right assessment tools to help in determining the outcome of corporate governance policies at all private sectors. Hawkama article, however, recommended the following as the right governance steps (Bornstein 2005). Demonstrating commitment to good corporate governance For an organization to reap the benefits of good corporate governance, it must demonstrate its willingness of putting the practice to the later. All the stakeholders, which are considered as part and parcel to an organization must show commitment and join hands in working together towards building a single business case of corporate governance. For this to be effectively enacted, managers of the organizations and other leaders should be encouraged to attend talks about institutional good governance. Hypothetically, the article has given an illustration on how the commitment of leaders in an organization can actually motivate the members to produce substantially operational and markets and the higher pro fit results and this would attract more investors into such organizations (International Finance Corporation, Hawkamah 2008). Planning and setting priorities Organizations that expect to bear advantage of good governance, must seek to avail adequate measures that would ensure more attention is given to the important and urgent duties. This success is profusely possible only when an organization is able to make comparative difference between its performance and its competitor as a way of identifying the relevant governing principles. In this case, their right choice of practices is to avert any slightest action considered vise to the relationship of the organization either internally or externally with other stakeholders (International Finance Corporation, Hawkamah 2008). Implementing good board practices Board is considered as the key aspect where issues relating to corporate governance are strategized. In this case, the board plays the role of strategic guidance and oversight manag ement during implementation of corporate governance. Besides, it carries out a mandate of a trustee to the shareholders. Most basically, how the board would fulfill its responsibilities is used as a determinant by investors to assess the potentiality of an organization. If the board is given an authority to run as an independent, professional and most predominantly a vigilant body, then it would ultimately succeed to the achievements of

Focus on Music and Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Focus on Music and Drama - Essay Example Williams and the Chi, and Town Hustlers. The band held a live concert where they performed several blues songs including â€Å"In My Lonely Room† by Phil Collins (2010) and â€Å"You've Stayed Away Too Long† composed by Willie Nelson (2009). The performers were eight in number where guitarists were divided into bassist, soloist and rhythm, one on keyboard, three vocalists, and a violist. J.W. Williams was the leading performer in the band and controlled everything although he was the one playing bass guitar. All the songs, which Chi-town Hustlers Band performed, had a mixture of classic blues elements, funk and R & B. Most of their songs were romantic in style and in performance. Chi-town Hustlers Band performed well organized and moving blues and their dancing was vigorous and sometimes toned down to accommodate the beats. Most outstanding of their performed songs which were interesting to me were â€Å"In My Lonely Room† by Phil Collins (2010) and â€Å"You've Stayed Away Too Long† composed by Willie Nelson (2009). When they performed these songs, you would think they were their own compositions. It was â€Å"In My Lonely Room† song that was well performed and in which musical elements were professionally blended. As a music student, I could note that the song’s melody focused on the first, fourth and fifth chords in combination. In this case, the music started in the ‘A’ chord and could predict the subsequent chord ‘D’ and ‘E’.

My own goal of the life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My own goal of the life - Essay Example I choose swimming because I would like to get better at it and I generally enjoy it, I have informed my roommate of this plan and asked her to act as ‘sponsor’ throughout the eight weeks as she actively participates in sports. Achieving physical fitness will be measured when I participate in a charitable marathon that is three weeks away. Improvement of my swimming skills will be measured by my speed in completing laps as I go along; and in six weeks I plan on participating in a swimming competition here at school. Behavioral wise, I hope to develop discipline since in order to achieve this I must remain consistent and committed till the eight weeks are over. I have bought a sport watch that will help me monitor my heart rate as I jog and swim, this will provide a reflection of any improvements in terms of physical fitness. In the past, I have been unable to regularly work out as I am lazy and find it difficult to wake up early enough. In addition, I find myself eating a lot of junk food in between classes as a way of passing time. With this new plan, I hope to utilize my free time in between classes or over the weekends to improve my swimming and tone my body through non-cardiovascular exercises at the gym. Moreover, I have sought support from my roommate who promises to ‘push’ me when I get lazy, My roommate has also agreed to record frequency of my retarding tendencies that keep me aware of what is holding me back. Such tendencies include eating junk food and sleeping late to watch movies that prevent me from waking up early enough to take a jog before classes or group discussions commence. It has been four weeks since I started this life change plan; I have been able to go for the jog for twenty of the thirty days, and swimming for six. The four days I failed to undertake any of the exercises happened because I went for a friend’s

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Assignment Example Data for the 2009 ACS survey was collected between January 2009 - December 2009. Respondents were asked about their income from the previous 12 months. Data generated from the 2009 ACS therefore refers to the period January 2008-Noverember 2009. On average women earned $35,549 per year. On average men earned $45,485 per year. Women therefore only earned 78.2% of what men earned (i.e. men earned 21.8% more each year than women). Compared to the previous year (2008 ACS), both genders experienced a wage increase (men earned $324 more, whilst women earned $445 more). This indicates that the gap between men and women’s earning is decreasing. In all 50 states, women’s average earning were less than men. However, there were significant variations between gender earnings in several states. For example, in Arizona, California and Texas, women to men’s earnings ratios were 80% or more (smaller earning gap between genders). In Wyoming there were very significant differences in gender earning (women only earned 65.5% of what men earned). Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? There are many reasons why women on average earn less than men. Reasons include; Under represented in highly paid jobs, e.g. bankers, lawyers Traditionally associated with domestic duties, e.g.

Helping Company Strategy to Help Your Career'The Perspective Of Middle Essay

Helping Company Strategy to Help Your Career'The Perspective Of Middle Level Managers - Essay Example Furthermore, they must work hand in hand with the senior managers to facilitate change and organizational learning. (b). How can middle level managers relate their departments/units' "strategies" or directions to the company (business line) level strategies so they can successfully manage their departments/units and their personal careers' Middle level managers must believe in their organizations and they must ensure that the strategies of their departments are aligned with the company's vision and the overall mission of the organization. Middle level managers would only succeed if their strategies are helpful in the short run as well as in the long run. They can successfully manage their departments and their personal careers when they would give utmost importance to their specified units and that how they can succeed in their careers and in their departments too. Moreover, middle level managers must believe that strategies are not just to satisfy regulatory requirements but they must be implemented in order to achieve the overall objectives of the organization. Middle level managers usually attain titles like General Manager, Plant Manager, and regional Manager etc. They can influence and shape the overall strategies of the company in a number of ways. They can depict entrepreneurial behavior and can successfully achieve corporate entrepreneurship in the organization. Their charismatic attitude can change the company's business line strategies and influence the overall business model of the company. Their personal careers can experience a boost when the organizational strategies are experiencing a positive phase and that's due to middle level managers. By effectively shaping the strategies of their departments they can present a positive view in from of the top management. (d). what other effective roles can middle level managers play in the development and execution of their company strategies' Middle level managers can play different roles in the development and execution of the company's strategies. Middle level managers perform the actual implementation work of strategies and they coordinate with low level managers and then develop a strategy and execute it. They are usually known as "change masters" as they modify their strategies for the betterment of their organization (David). Top level managers usually target them and low level managers needs motivation to work therefore they help both of them in the execution of strategy. They must coordinate with the top management and should focus on the core objectives of the organization when developing or executing a strategy. (e). At personal level, how can middle level managers help/support their bosses (i.e.., senior executives) in developing and executing company/business line strategies, thus to help their own (middle level managers') careers' The careers of middle level managers are based on the performance of their organiza

Child Care - Care For Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Child Care - Care For Children - Essay Example I would choose enough attractive and age-appropriate toys, books and other learning materials that would be available for the children. I would set up the room in such a way that children can move freely from one learning area to another, keeping in mind the activities that I expect would go on in a particular learning area. For instance, I would keep quiet areas such as the mini Reading nook away from noisy areas such as the blocks or manipulative area which I expect would be a-buzz with children’s productive noise. I will also prepare interesting but not overwhelming activities for the children that would follow a schedule, with the goal of eventually establishing routines. Examples would be using puppets to introduce each child, a simple story about starting school or day care, and a variety of hands-on activities such as playdough, macaroni-stringing, block play and the like. Children would feel more welcome if they see that some parts of the room have been customized for them. They are assigned cubbyholes to place their things while in school, and these are especially labeled with their own names or pictures. A memorable first day deserves a remembrance to take home such as a personally made hat from newspapers and collage materials. This is something Max can show his parents and grandparents and be proud of because he himself made it in school. Personally, I prepare myself physically and psychologically for a challenging first day. I will make sure I am well-rested and well-fed with nutritious food that would keep me energetic enough to keep up with very young children or to deal with trying moments such as tantrums and separation anxiety. This big change in the family’s schedule and lifestyle deserves an orientation. Beforehand, I can arrange for a conference with the parents (if the school does not hold its own parent orientation meeting) and Max and show

Story of an Hour Essay Example for Free

Story of an Hour Essay â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a story that reveals the true life of women during the victorian era. This tale is of a woman who is not upset about her husband’s passing and describes Mrs. Mallard’s inner conflicts. Throughout the story Chopin uses irony and metaphor to illustrate the message of women’s freedom. Kate Chopin also uses these literary devices for the audience to understand the nuances and ambiguities used in the story to portray women’s freedom. In the story Kate Chopin uses irony in her story to build suspense and thinking. She states, â€Å"the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed, and gray and dead.† This quote has foreshadowing but if you think about and analyze it closer you realize that its irony. The irony in this quote is when she states â€Å"dead†;Mrs. Mallard is not yet dead. With this quote Kate Chopin is trying to illustrate how Mrs. Mallard is ending up minute by minute. Nuances are the simple differences in the story. When you read the â€Å"Story of an Hour,† you have to pay close attention to the smallest detail even a period. For example in page 636 paragraph two she uses quotation marks on the word killed. Those quotation mark make the word â€Å"killed† make you think twice when you read it. Quotation marks are not used on words unless its something important. The nuance used in this word makes the word become foreshadowing, indicate forehand, do to the death of Mr. Mallard. â€Å"Story of an Hour,† contains metaphor to portray the theme of women’s freedom. For example Kate Chopin states, â€Å"There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.† In this quote you need to read between the lines, look closely and rethink what you have read. Chopin is making a vivid picture in the audience head so you can picture the â€Å"patches of blue sky.† This patches are being seen as hope and this is where metaphor takes place. In this short story a lot has happen and throughout every sentence there’s some ambiguity showing up. The quote of â€Å"patches of blue sky† can symbolize different things. For example, this can be foreshadowing that something good is going to happen because the sky’s brighting up. This represents her life lighting up as well; everything is going to change and she’s going to be her own. Women’s freedom thats what every women wanted during the victorian era. In the â€Å"Story of an Hour,† we find that good can be evil. We all think that a women’s dream is to get married and have a perfect family but to the generations before us thats not what they wanted. In the beginning of the story it seems that Mrs. Mallard would be depressed about her husband’s death but in reality she is happy because all the years to come she’s going to own them not her husband.

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare ABSTRACT Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibits by machines. AI enable machines to think and solve problems somehow human-like and act or perform in human-like manner. AI is incomparable with human intelligence. However, AI can be implemented in humans’ daily lives to aid them with complicated tasks. One of the human intelligence issues is having barriers in performing good decision making. The aspect in decision making is also applied in a few AI field such as healthcare and robotics which will be discussed further in this paper. INTRODUCTION Technology is emerging day by day where people are hunger for more sophisticated technology to aid them or give them new perspectives or knowledge. Artificial Intelligence or commonly abbreviated as AI is the intelligence shown by machines or software, which usually involves human-like intelligence. It has become an academic field of study that focused on creating intelligence. The term â€Å"Artificial Intelligence† was coined by late John McCarthy of Stanford University in 1956 and after two years, he published his paper which regarded by many as the first one on logical AI (Bogue, 2014). Alan Turing, a British mathematician, cryptanalyst, computer scientist and biologist, proposed a test called Turing test to determine the machine’s ability to displays intelligence. The test requires a human judge to have natural conversations with a human and a machine that is designed to produce human-like performance. If the judge is failed to distinguish which one is human and wh ich one is machine, the machine is considered showing intelligence. CASE STUDY HUMAN INTELLIGENCE IN DECISION MAKING Human intelligence is considered as the most powerful tools in decision making. Definition of human intelligence is that a person has the intellectual capacity of a human, which characterized by perception, consciousness, self-awareness as well as volition. Through their intelligence, humans possess a cognitive ability to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic and reason. The abilities also include the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, solve problem, make decisions, retain and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables humans to experience and think, while decision making can be viewed as cognitive methodology used to determine a conviction or a blueprint among a few options of conceivable outcomes. Each decision settling on procedure delivers a last decision that could possibly provoke activity. Choice or decision making is the investigation of recognizing and picking choices focused around the qualities and inclination of the chief. Decision ma king is one of the focal exercise of administration and an immense piece of any methodology of usage. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ROBOTICS Application of AI as the most significant and exciting field in robotic development had been argued by many industrial commentators. AI technology has the potential to play a role in a diversity of robots including companion and caring robots such as autonomous land, sea and air vehicles, humanoid types, search and rescue robots, swarm robots, military robots and robotic toys. The element of AI have a role to play for instance dexterous manipulation, autonomous navigation, machine vision, speech recognition, pattern recognition and location and mapping (Bogue, 2014). Humanoid robots and autonomous, mobile robots are two field of robotic that represent the greatest number of AI concept. Honda’s Asimo, humanoid robot is a result of two decades of research in humanoid robotics by Honda engineers. Asimo has the ability to recognize moving objects, gestures, postures, sounds, faces and interact in a human-like manner. Figure 1 Honda’s Asimo The purpose of developing robotic vehicles and autonomous mobile robots is to conduct specific tasks such as search and rescue operations. A robotic vehicle called â€Å"Stanley† is developed in 2005 at Stanford University has won the Defense Advances Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Grand Challenge by driving autonomously for 131 miles along a trail that the vehicle never gone through before (Bogue, 2014). In the conference of the Robotic Industries Association (RIA) in November 2006, John Felice, VP Manufacturing Technology and Global Enterprise, Chrysler Group discuss the manufacturing challenge facing Chrysler. Reducing costs while remain competitive in the business is the obvious challenge. However, the main problem arises from the increasing number of car model and the frequency of model changes. These changeovers are time consuming and could cost millions of dollars. John Felice proposed that robotic is the key to solve the problem (Wilson, 2006). Major companies should enhance their research team to applied AI element in industrial robotics. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE The advancement in machine engineering has swayed the scientists to create programming with the purpose of aiding specialists in settling on choice without counseling the authorities specifically. The software development misuses the capability of human brainpower, for example, reasoning, making choice, adapting (by encountering) and numerous others. AI is not a new idea, yet it has been acknowledged as an issue innovation in software engineering. It has been connected in numerous ranges, for example, instruction, business, therapeutic and assembling. In most creating nation’s deficient of medicinal pro has built the mortality of patients, experienced different infections. The deficient of restorative pros will never be overcome inside a brief time of time. The establishments of higher learning could be that as it may, make a prompt move to deliver whatever number specialists as would be prudent. In any case, while sitting tight for understudies to end up specialists and the s pecialists to wind up experts, numerous patients may already die. Current practice for restorative treatment obliged patients to counsel master for further analysis and treatment. Other therapeutic specialist might not have enough mastery or experience to manage certain high-hazard sicknesses. In any case, the delayed period for medicines typically takes a couple of days, weeks or even months. When the patients see the specialist, the ailments may have officially spread out. As the greater part of the high-hazard sickness could just be cured at the early stage, the patients may need to languish over whatever remains of their life (Ishak Siraj, n.d). Machine program known as Medical Decision-Support System was intended to help well-being experts settle on clinical decision (Shortliffe, 1987). The framework manages medicinal information and learning area in diagnosing patients’ conditions and suggesting suitable medicines for the specific patients. Patient-Centered Health Information Systems is a patient focused restorative data framework created to aid checking, overseeing and decipher understandings medical history (Szolovits et al., 1994). Likewise the system gives support to patient and therapeutic specialist. The system serves to enhance the quality of medical choice making, builds patient consistence and minimizes iatrogenic illness and medical errors. In medical, communication is critical as new data or new revelation is the key for the future survival (Shortliffe et al., 2000). In expansion, communication helps specialists sharing their insight or expertise (Detmer and Shortliffe, 1997). As an example, a pro from Sy dney can give on-line therapeutic aid to specialist at Kuala Lumpur who is treating a patient that suffers from serious cancer problem. An alternate specialist from other nation, for example, United Kingdom can impart his experience managing the same cases. Communication between specialists or expert from other area helps specialist at Kuala Lumpur diagnosing his patient and gives appropriate treatment. Figure 2 Example of communication between specialists (Information Sharing) For example, AI is implemented in Healthcare is Remote Monitoring Of High-Risk Patients Using Artificial Intelligence by using strategy and framework for remote monitoring of high-risk patients using artificial intelligence. A majority of high risk patients can be at the same time checked without patient intercession. A patient hears questions in the specialists voice at each monitoring encounter and responds. The patients reactions are recorded at a remote focal monitoring station and can be examined on line or later (Langen, Katz, Dempsey, Pompano, 1993). Artificial intelligence (AI) and voice technology (DECvoice) are consolidated to present to the patient, during an observing session or experience, questions which would be chosen from a majority of distinctive recorded inquiries. Inquiries to the patient are picked utilizing AI, in light of the patients reaction, by parsing. The screen could take a few structures, for example, for e.g., uterine action strips, glucometers, blood pressure cuffs, pulse monitors, electroencephalographs, and so forth. Four phone lines are committed to every patient, one for the screen, one for the voice, one as a backup and one to sense failures. Dual tone matrix frequency signals (DTMF) may be utilized for transmission of checked signs and other data which can be perceived by Decvoice, which is yet one sample of the voice engineering which can be utilized (Langen et al., 1993). The Artificial Intelligence framework is determined by an easy to utilize Natural Language interface which guides the Voice framework to send (speak) appropriate questions, perceive (listen for) the patients answers, update the patients database, direct the telephone-patient monitoring, and advise the HMO office regarding discriminating patient conditions. The data obtained from the patient calls is accessible to the therapeutic specialist on both a real-time basis when the calls are being made, or on an ad-hoc basis after the calls are logged (Langen e t al., 1993). Figure 3 Example Remote Monitoring Of High-Risk Patients PROS IN BOTH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE Experts and scientists are eager in making machines which can copy humans’ intelligence. Somehow, AI shows undeniably great performances, in some cases even better than a human being. AI advantageously has tireless performance by doing tasks without feeling tired, unlike human. AI also provides more logical decision-making, which is very useful in some cases. Completing task also easy as AI is like a false mind, taught to do specific jobs. Human intelligence have barriers to get make a good decision-making. According to Dr. Edward Russo and Dr. Paul J. H. Schoemaker, a simple method have been produce to avoid the decision barriers faced by human intelligence and can be categorized into four main element. The first element is framing which is organizing the inquiry where this implies characterizing what must be chosen and deciding in preparatory way what criteria would make us incline toward one choice to an alternate. Another element is gathering intelligence by looking for bot understandable actualities and sensible evaluations of â€Å"mysterious† that we will need to settle on the choice. Third element would be coming to conclusion where sound framing and good intelligence do not guarantee a wise decision. Humans simply unable to consistently make good decisions using seat-of-the-pants judgment alone, even with excellent data in front of them. Humans need to learn from the feedback that they have acquired whi ch is the last element for a good decision-making. Everybody needs to create a framework for gaining from the consequences of past choices. This normally means staying informed regarding what is expected to happen, intentionally guarding against serving toward self-clarifications. CONS IN DECISION-MAKING OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE’S PERFORMANCE Good decisions are hard to make and there are several barriers that occurs when a person or people trying to make or find good decision. A good decision-maker must, consciously or unconsciously go through each phase of decisions making process (Westernberg, 1993). As in the aspect of human intelligence, one of the most common barrier that can interrupt brilliant decision making is plunging in. In this situation, people begin to gather information and reach conclusion without first taking a few minutes to think about the core of the issue they are facing or to think through how they believe decisions like this one should be made. People also undergo frame blindness, which is another barrier to a good-decision making. Frame blindness is where people setting out to solve the wrong problem because they have created a mental framework for their decision with little thought, which causes them to overlook the best options or lose sight of important objectives. Lack of frame control is anoth er barrier faced by human being in decision making where they failed to consciously define the problem in more ways than one or being unduly influenced by others. Some people also tend to feel overconfidence in their judgment. This situation also could obstructed a good-decision making as people failed to collect the key factual information because they are too confidence and overly assured of their assumptions and opinions. Another obstacle faced by people in getting a good-decision making is shortsighted shortcuts, where they rely in appropriately on â€Å"rules of thumb† such as implicitly trusting the most readily available information or anchoring too much on convenient facts. When making a decision, humans have the tendency to believe that they can keep all the information they discovered straight in their heads and therefore, improvise with little preparation. They should follow a systematic procedure when making the final choice. When making decisions within a group, common thing that happens is a group failure. People in the group assume that with many smart people involved, good choices will follow automatically and this action will caused failure in managing group decision-making. Humans are likely to protect their ego causing them fooling themselves about feedback. In this case, they are failed to interpret the evidence from past outcomes for what it really says. Humans also expecting that experience will make lessons accessible naturally and they tend to neither keeping track of the consequences of their choices, nor investigating the results in ways to uncover their key lessons. Decisions process needs to audited and failure to this action means failed to create organized approach to understanding their own decision-making, so that they remain constantly exposed to all the mistakes mentioned before. As in the matter of AI, machines have the possibility of breakdown which is disadvantageous. No matter how easy the task can be completed by AI, if there is a case of malfunction occurring, the whole thing means nothing. AI also have the tendency to lose the essential information or mistakenly modified or overwrite them. AI or a computer system needs to be switched off on a daily basis as results for maintenance which restrain the output and efficiency of the machine. RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION AI has the potential in various field of technology such as computer science, robotics, healthcare and even music. There are now growing efforts to unite these fields of research and create new technologies out of them. However, despite of all the manner of innovative approaches, there are still a far gap between artificial intelligence and human intelligence. Some people might argue that Ai is only the matter of processing power, but some people believe that true AI will uncover the deep understanding of how human intelligence works. AI capabilities are still questionable but in several decades to come, AI can promise infinite possibilities of growth in technology. REFERENCES Westenberg, M. (1993). Decision traps: The ten barriers to brilliant decision-making how to overcome them. Acta Psychologica, 83(1), 67-69. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(93)90036-q. Ishak, W. H. W., Siraj, F. (n.d). ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICAL APPLICATION: AN EXPLORATION. Langen, P. A., Katz, J. S., Dempsey, G., Pompano, J. (1993). REMOTE MONITORING OF HIGH-RISK PATIENTS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. Paper presented at the United States Patent. Szolovits, P., Doyle, J., Long, W. J., Kohane, I., and Pauker, S. G. (1994). Guardian Angel: Patient-Centred Health Information Systems. Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-604. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Shortliffe, E. H., Fagan, L. M. and Yu, V. L. (2000). The Infectious Diseases Physician and the Internet. In Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.E. and Dolin, R. (Eds.), Mandell, Douglas, and Bennetts Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Churchill Livingstone, Inc., Pennsylvania, pp. 3258-3263. Shortliffe, E. H. (1987). Computer Programs to Support Clinical Decision Making. Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 258, No. 1. Detmer, W. M. and Shortliffe, E. H. (1997). Using the Internet to Improve Knowledge Diffusion in Medicine. Communications of the Associations of Computing Machinery, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 101 108. Wilson, M., Wilson, M. (2007). Feature Robotics Industry Forum – 2006. doi:10.1108/01439910710727432 Bogue, R., Bogue, R. (2014). The role of artificial intelligence in robotics. doi:10.1108/IR-01-2014-0300.

The origins of the Strategy

The origins of the Strategy This domain has quickly evolved for the company in the same way: to reach the objectives. The corporate strategy today involved the specification over long term goals and objectives that will create add value. Every aspects of the organization have his own function (people, finances, productions, and environment). A corporate strategy is driven by the companys goal which can be several purposes: for example provide works to his employees, distribute a dividend to the stakeholders or give a wider range of products to the customers. The goal of any strategy, according to Porter, is to create a competitive advantage. In other words, a strategy would create an advantage regards as his competitors (low cost, differentiationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) and to create value for the customers. Corporate Strategy is the pattern of mayor objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business the company is in or to be in and the kind of company it is or is to be Lynch, 1997. Another role given to the corporate strategy is to make the link between the internal management of the organizations resources and the external relation between the different actors (suppliers, customers, competitors, economic environment) Today, two of the mains routes of corporate strategy are the Emergent and Prescriptive strategies. In the past, only the prescriptive strategy was used; but several environmental modifications (like oil price growing) have created and developed more incertitude for companies with this planned approach. Thus, the emergence strategy appears. These two strategies are going to be discussed and developed through this report. After that, I will explain with a relevant example, Maersk Line. PARLER COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The Prescriptive Strategy PRESCRIPTIVE According to Lynch, a prescriptive is one where the objective has been defined in advance and the main elements have been developed before the strategy commences. (Corporate Strategy, Lynch, 2000, p.52). The prescriptive strategy involves a tight supervision of all the planning process by the top of the management. For example, the top management expresses its initial requirements and issues broad guidelines to the lower levels of the organisations, which are then, translate into concrete action plans. The head quarter, through careful analysis would think about how the resources are going to be coordinated and redistributed among the business. (Corporate Strategy, Roger Bennett, 1999, p.356). So, the strategy would be developed into a linear system where everything is known. From the start to go, (where are we now), to the final objective. The prescriptive approach process is divided in 3 steps: Strategic Analysis Strategic Development Strategic Implementation Æ’Â  These 3 steps are clearly separated: The strategy would be developed according the environment and the resources of the company (macroeconomic, politicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) on an agreed objective. Porter and Ansoff argue that the maximisation of the return on the capital is one of the main aims in a company. All the strategy will start from this point. The company will reconsider his missions/objectives if something would change and then works on all the options than the company will develop. But, before that the strategy commences. The company will select option(s) against the likelihood of achieving objective. To find the strategic route to reach the objectives will come out of the rational selection. His development would be done according: Consistency of the objectives Financial Æ’Â   do we have the resources? Suitability Æ’Â   how the options match with environment? (SWOT Analysis cf. Andrews) Validity Æ’Â   is the strategy logical and reasonable? Feasibility Æ’Â   do we have the environment to implement the options? Risks Æ’Â   are they important? Does it follow the stakeholders expectations? These essentials 7 points show that the evaluation is very important in the development process. The implementation of the strategy will be the final step according the chosen strategy option. Everything is going to be defined before than the company integer the market (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch, p.54-55) Here an example of prescriptive strategy Sources: http://www.global-strategy.net/categories/Strategicmanagement Advantages Complete overview of the organisation There is a possibility to compare all the objectives. Clear picture of different choices that the company can use regards as the resources. The organisation has the possibility to observe the agreed plan as it is implemented. As well, the progression can be evaluated. Source: (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) Disadvantages Difficulties According to Mintzberg and Porter, there is no possibility to predict the future enough accurately to make rational and realistic choices. If the desire to organise the strategy is too developed, the creativity potential of the company and his members can be choked. ( Strategy Safari, p58) Define the long term strategy would not be possible. The strategies proposed present a logical and a capability to be managed in the way proposed. As well, to control all the variables can be a really difficult work. It tends to favour a centralization and concentration of decision making at senior management. Only the chief executive has the power of the decision between all the options. Nobody needs to persuade him on his decision. This can lead to a bad decision. It presents some very simplistic actions as the implementation phase that is separate and distinctive and only comes after than a strategy has been approved. Planning can be a source of strength and become a major obstacle for the flexibility and adaptability of the enterprise and thereby harm the development of innovative ideas. Haut du formulaire Source: (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) The emergent strategy EMERGENT Lynch says that an emergent strategy is a strategy whose final objective is unclear and whose elements are developed during the course of its life, as a strategy proceeds. A strategy emerges and adapts her-self to the environment and the humans needs. This idea is one of the fundamental lines of the emergent strategy. Nevertheless, it has to be noted that there are an important number of variations possible. (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) The emergent strategy process is not lock on Top Down schema (which is formed earlier, like the prescriptive strategy). This strategy build in bottom-top structure, can be developed from the ideas and constructions coming directly from the market reality. The participative management integers tools like the management system control which promote the emergence of new strategy. (Simons, 1995) (Strategy Safari, Minztberg Ahlstrand Lampel) One of the recommendations, according Scott D. Anthony, Mark Johnson is to keep the door open for all the new ideas coming from the field and not to be too rigorous with the definitions of the objectives and be able to change the lines of the strategy at any time. Thank to the person working directly on the field whose brings essential information regard as the market expectations. Henry Mintzberg As we say, an emergent strategy is open for any changes. During this revision of the strategy, it allows to alter the course of the strategy judiciously or more radically, to redesign the strategy in order to take advantage of an opportunity. The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty. Winston Churchill There is not final objective with an emergent approach. This is more like a series of experimental approach and discussion developed than the strategy goes ahead. The development and the implementation of the emergent approach are not distinct. These 2 stages work together. Firstly, we are going to identify what are the objectives. The strategy emerges from the background and knowledge of the company. It has to be very clear. After the objectives are defined, we discuss about the different options/choices possible and argue with members within the company to develop and implement to strategy. If the strategy works, it will stay on the same way trying to optimize. However, if the strategy does not meet the objectives, all the members will discuss about another compromise.And so on. We could say than this process has a circular structure. (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) Sources: http://www.global-strategy.net/categories/Strategicmanagement Emergent STRATEGY Advantages The strategy evolves continuously. It is a very flexible approach that can be developed over time according the new resources, policy and market expectations. Very efficient into fast moving market. It allows a constant development as more as the company learns about the strategy and market situation. The implementation is redefined, so it is an integral part of the strategy development process. The fact to work in a day by day approach allows the optimal culture to emerge instead of an artificial planning process Source: (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) Disadvantages Difficulties All the members of the company would have a very relevant knowledge about what the company does. The vision must be unified to avoid any muddle which can cost a lot to the company. The experience would be a really important point to counter this concern. According to Mintzberg, it is more complex to develop than a prescriptive strategy because it is constantly changing and ask more implication in the long term. Although the process of the strategy selection has to be softening according to the managers acceptation, this does not make it wrong; rational decision making based on evidence has a greater chance than a premonition or a personal whim. After the presentation about the emergent and prescriptive approach, I think interesting to take in consideration the debate between these two kinds of strategies. This is what I am going to speak about in the next part: DISCUSSION Today, according to March, a lot of companies are confronted to combine two conflicting ideas to survive: firstly, the capability and maintain of their aptitudes into a changing market, and secondly, the control and the stabilization on certain strategic activity than reach their maturity. (March, 1991). We are actually between the emergent and prescriptive approach. The idea of Jansen, in 2005, gives a good illustration of the combination: the adaptation into a changing environment, explore new ideas or new processes and to develop new products and service for emerging market. At the same time, they need to be stable to maintain and exploit their actual competences and operate into existing market. Thus, the management is between two sides: the exploration and the exploitation. EXPLOITATION EXPLORATION Improvement Choice Production Efficiency Selection Implementation Execution Research Variation Ventured Strategy Game Acting Flexibility Discovery Innovation MARCH 1991, p71 These two philosophies appear closely related. In 1934, Schumpeter developed a thesis saying that if the company creator stops innovating, he would lose, in opposition, his creator position. (). Therefore, we can see that the prescriptive notion appears integral part of the emergent approach. Mintzberg says that the planning and the strategy are different. He argues that a bureaucratic or analytical planning process mislead the managers into thinking that they are planning strategically and hence developing and improving organizational for the future. He has received a lot of critics. Indeed, a lot of people say that his approach his very simplistic. D. Powell says: Planning must involve both analysis and thinking. Changing labels wont improve poor processes or teach planning skills to those who lack them. Mintzberg raises a valid issue, but he fails to offer any real solutions. http://planningskills.com/askdan/11.php Parler que avoir les capacities peut faire la difference dans une organisation The different management school are The company would be confronted to a dilemma between Le concept de stratà ©gie à ©mergente  « ouvre la voie à   lapprentissage, parce quil reconnaà ®t le droit de lentreprise à   faire des expà ©riences. Une action isolà ©e sera menà ©e, des retombà ©es seront observà ©es, et le processus continuera jusquà   ce que lentreprise se rassemble sur un modà ¨le, qui deviendra sa stratà ©gie  » (Mintzberg et al., 1999, p. 198). En dautres termes :  « Lentreprise a pris des mesures, lune aprà ¨s lautre, qui ont fini par converger pour donner une certaine cohà ©rence, ou schà ©ma  » (Mintzberg et al., 1999, p. 21). Or, pour Mintzberg et ses co-auteurs, toute stratà ©gie en prise avec le monde rà ©el, se doit de conjuguer stratà ©gies dà ©libà ©rà ©es et stratà ©gies à ©mergentes :  « exercer un contrà ´le tout en favorisant lapprentissage  » (Mintzberg et al., 1999, p. 22). Là   encore, lentreprise est confrontà ©e au dilemme entre exploitation et exploration : mettre en oeuvre et contrà ´ler des stratà ©gies intentionnelles et dà ©libà ©rà ©es et, dans le mà ªme temps, dà ©tecter et formuler de nouvelles stratà ©gies dont il convient de favoriser là ©mergence  « ladaptation aux environnements compà ©titifs  » et surtout, vers les stratà ©gies à ©mergentes :  « les systà ¨mes de contrà ´le interactif sont utilisà ©s pour guider les processus bottom-up dà ©mergence de la stratà ©gie  » (Simons, 1995, p. 98). Cette distinction entre contrà ´le diagnostic et contrà ´le interactif traduit lopposition dà ©sormais classique entre deux modà ¨les de reprà ©sentation du contrà ´le de gestion http://www.wikiberal.org/wiki/Henry_Mintzberg Application with Maersk Line Strategy From the start to go, Maersk has been a very innovative company Nils Smedegaard Andersen (Maersk CEO) In a former time (1920), Maersk Line was a shipping specialist within the chemical industry. They operated in United States and East Asia thank to 6 tankers. The company understood very quickly than the business could be more developed. So, they made up their fleet with news engines in order to have more productivity. They adapted them-self to the new environment asking for more efficiency and created a competitive advantage (cf. Porter). The competitors stayed with old engines. 30 years later, they started to build larger units vessels to follow the market expectations. The new constructed port would provide more space in which bigger boats can operate. They adapted their strategy which was to transport more units at the same place because the market was growing. The strategies emerged from the market. http://www.maersk.com/AboutMaersk/WhoWeAre/Pages/History.aspx?SSItemId=8 Another plan used in the 60s was the diversification of his strategy thank to the containers revolution. Indeed, the standardization of the exchange would provide a very interesting future in this sector; where the company dedicated very important amount in the investment. The amount was around $2 billion (the biggest investment of the company at this time) to follow an emerging market. They opened a new area in the company through this opportunity and implementing a emergent strategy. In 2008, Maersk Line drove his new strategy. The objectives were to drive the turnaround of the business and return to sustainable profitability based on the long term. More than everything, Maersk Line wanted to reinforce his leadership position in the shipping market. Maersk is today is 10 times largest than it was 10 years ago and as the CEO said The have lost focusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the way we operate today does not conform to our present size. With the growth we have had, the complexity has grown and so has the bureaucracy (Jaunary14, 2008, The Journal of Commerce) http://web.ebscohost.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=105sid=833f65f7-a644-40dc-b0dd-3c5c53fabf3d%40sessionmgr111 This strategy is endorsed on the improved financial results and customer satisfaction seen in the closed past. Thank to that, we can see that the company has developed his strategy according to his good results experience of the market in the recent months. Indeed, during the 6 previous months of this period the company had feedbacks from customers. The strategy had four core elements: Filling the ship with profitable cargo Provide the most reliable product demanded by our customers Provide a faster, more responsive service closer to customers Reduce complexity and cost First of all, to reduce the complexity and the cost, the global organization has reduced by 2,000 to 3,000 positions out of 25,000, principally cut into the middle management. The main point is reducing the regional organizations into smaller teams. To reduce the impact and consider the human aspect of the firing, the organization informed long time ago to the concern people in order to them to find alternative solution and sometime come along them to find new positions. As well, pushing decision-making out to the countries: as close as possible to the customers. With this new process, the company had reduced the bureaucracy and streamline processes. As expected, the complexity is reduced for a double benefice: for the customers because they will have a better proximity service and for the internal efficiency, less complex. Through this point, we can say than the company redesign his decision making process in order to be more reactive and close with the customers. In another word, the Maersk will be more empowered with his customers. It will be for example faster to take a decision into a part of the world; do not waiting for the head quarter to give his feedbacksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦For the future; the decentralized management will develop the emergence of local strategy and give, again, more signification to the launched of this proximity service strategy. As well, the fact to work more closely with the customers and build long term relationship provide as well, a better visibility and allow a better anticipation. It is a brilliant solution for the future of the company. The strategy has been implemented in few months. Journal Traffic World, January 21, 2008 http://web.ebscohost.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=105sid=cb510fcd-112a-4c32-b25b-cb5f62f1c019%40sessionmgr113 Through this strategy, we have seen the importance of the market learning. The experience provides the better knowledge than a company can have. According to Eivind Kolding (CEO), the new management team, which will drive the strategy, has the experience and proven ability to deliver results. As we have seen previously in the report, the experience of the market is a key factor for the competitiveness of the organization. Having the experience of the market and the customers expectations, they applied the better strategy as possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ http://www.maerskline.com/link/?page=lhp_newspath=/asia/taiwan/20100222 The benefits of this emergent strategy are today already visible. The activity of the Maersk Line is from now on good position. The result are better than expected and to reach a $168 million net profit (1st trimester 2010) against a loss $581 million (1st trimester 2009). The turnover as well gives a good idea of the progression: $5.743 billion (1st trimester 2010) against $4.661 billion (1st trimester 2009). Eivind Kolding The market has been better and our efforts are gainful. Maersk has been able to develop all his strategy through the time and thus, take advantages of certain situation The company wants still to improve his competitiveness and they are ready to catch new opportunities bolting from the actual economic situation. http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=113177 http://www.maerskline.com/link/?page=lhppath=/africa/guinea/general/news http://www.maersk.com/AboutMaersk/WhoWeAre/Pages/History.aspx?SSItemId=8 CONLUSION Through this project, we have studied the difference between the emergent and prescriptive approach in Strategic and Corporation Management through an academic discussion, his different point of view and a company example. We have seen that the prescriptive approach is a strategy The experience is a key factor. JONK LOCKE Sentences

Ozone :: essays papers

Ozone Ozone is an important molecule in maintaining the homeostasis in the environment. Ozone, the molecule O3, makes a layer in the stratosphere, situated 10 to 15 kilometers from the earth's surface. The dioxide molecule, O2 and Oxygen atom O, collide with each other result in the formation of Ozone, O3. In this reaction, the molecule O3 contains an excess of energy. Once the molecule is formed, it is not stable enough to last long. The energy-rich O3 molecules discards the excess energy by colliding with another atom or molecule and transferring the energy in the form of heat. In the results of the decomposition of ozone into O2 and O in the ozone layer, solar radiation is absorbed. This process of the chemical bond breaking causing the absorption of a photon by a molecule is called photodissociation. Radiation with sufficient intensity, is capable of separating the O3 molecule, resulting in photodissociation. The cyclic process formation and decomposition of ozone provides a shield against ultraviolet radiation that enter the earth's atmosphere. If it were not for the chemical reaction of radiation and ozone in the stratosphere, these high-energy photons would penetrate the earth's surface. The ozone layer absorbers about 99% of the harmful radiation which makes it possible for animals and plants to live on the planet. In 1974, F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina of the University of California proposed that chlorine from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) could deplete the ozone layer. Beginning in 1957 to 1985, the British Antarctic Survey had measured the average ozone concentration over Halley Bay in Antarctica. Up until 1974, the ozone concentration remained stable. Yet after 1974, the team observed a decline of the ozone layer to levels less than 10%. From this study the awareness over the danger of the "hole" and ultraviolet radiation and the destruction being done to the earth. Scientists believe the expanding ozone hole, which is centered over Antarctica was caused by Chloroflurocarbons. CFCs are released into the environment through such sources as spray cans , air conditioners, factories, refrigerants and cleaning products. CFCs are dangerous to the atmosphere because after they are released into the environment, the sunlight breaks down the compound. The chlorine molecules react with the ozone molecules by permanently breaking down the molecule, thus diminishing the ozone layer. This rise poses a major threat environment. In 1985, in Vienna and in 1987 in Montreal, a Protocol was signed proposing the gradual termination of use of CFCs over the decades. A dramatic reduction in the use of CFCs was agreed on. Regulations to limit the production of

James v. Lorenz :: essays research papers

William James and Konrad Lorenz are at a cafà © in the middle of Piccadilly Circus having coffee, smoking cigars, deep in conversation. J: What say you about this Konrad, I have a Scotch terrier that used to live in the barn, and I recently moved him into my home. In the barn, he had this nasty little habit of burying things into the ground, and upon being moved into the house continued with the same behavior. After a few days, he eventually stopped trying to dig altogether. How would you explain this? L: I believe that your carpet was not the right stimulus for your beloved terrier. An animal needs to have a specific stimulus in order to elicit a certain response; in this case, the dirt would elicit the digging. Because the dog was not in an environment that had dirt readily available to him to be able to dig, he had no need to do so. J: Okay, but why did he continue, if even for a few days, to try to dig into my carpet and deposit useless items such as gloves into the floor? L: He was so used to digging in your barn that he continued to do so in your house. The intensity of the stimulus changed, so the response followed suit and changed as well. J: But that is like my fly-wheel of society, he kept on trying to dig into my carpet because he was used to doing it†¦but then that is considered to be a habit and not an instinct. L: It was instinctive for him to bury in the barn not only because he had the right stimulus to elicit the digging, but also what was he burying in the barn? Food, I suppose. I believe that if you take for example the concealment response of Corvids, you will see that some animals purposely hide their food so that in the future, they can retrieve it if necessary. Because as you know of course, that unlike domestic animals, wild animals need to search for their food in order to survive. Your terrier was doing as much in trying to hide his food in the barn, probably because there were other animals that were present and he assumed they might try to take his food. After having been in your home for a few days, he realized that there was no need to continue with the act of burying items such as gloves because it was useless.

Liberal Arts Study

William Cronon states in his article entitled â€Å"only connect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the goals of liberal education that liberal education is founded on the virtues of aspiration towards the development and growth of human potential for the services of human freedom. This simply means to say that liberal education is a way by which a human being is released and brought to a place where he or she can fulfill their utmost potential.Liberal education and the study of liberal arts, for that matter, is a way of life and not simply a form of education adapted by institutions. It involves passion and girth of knowledge. It accounts for a broad understanding of various kinds of knowledge that is needed for the holistic development of an individual. In today’s society, however, is the study of liberal arts truly needed? What is the importance of studying liberal arts?One of the most important aspects of liberal arts is in the fact that it encompasses the humanities. The study of liberal art s then encourages the study of the humanities. Why is this important? What makes the humanities essential in the progress of humanity, in the continuation of an individual’s daily life?There are many skeptics, especially in this age of unending quests for money and luxury, who believe that the study of the liberal arts, in general, and of the humanities, in particular, is only for those who have time on their hands; only for those who have no plans in contributing to the fast-paced development occurring all over the world today. However, this thinking is wrong and misled in many ways. Before one can understand this, however, one must first be able to understand what the humanities are.According to A.S.P. Woodhouse in his article The Nature of Humanities, humanities is a field of study that reverts the attention or the quest for knowledge on man. It puts the focus of attention on the life of man. Other definitions of humanities state that â€Å"The essence of the humanities i s a spirit or an attitude toward humanity.† (The Humanities in American Life, 3) The humanities, then, is exactly what its name implies, the study of humans, of human life, of human way of life.However, this is very broad. If the scope of the humanities is humanity, this would indicate a near impossibility in studying it in its totality. This is why the development of the study of humanities has involved the sorting of the discipline into different interrelated fields. These include, but are not limited to, literature, art history, music history, cultural history, philosophy, dance, theater, arts, and film. All the disciplines related to humanities and through which it is studied are all centered on human values, beliefs, emotions and also the way these aspects are portrayed through the creativity of humans. (Witt, Brown, Dunbar, Tirro, and Witt, xxvi)It is clear from this description that the humanities are different on many levels from fields of knowledge such as the natural sciences. The sciences include the observation of the world we exist in. It entails creating assumptions, collecting data, and trying to create theories and laws to explain the behavior of the data collected. The humanities, the arts, on the other hand, begin with the very things that are considered irrelevant in science. It starts with the intangible things that are formulated by the creativity and imagination of a human being. The humanities begins with the world man created for himself and only then progresses to the world that is seen with the physical eye.(Frye, 23)Even from this basic explanation of the difference between humanities and science, one can see that there is no point of comparison. Both fields of knowledge are concerned with different aspects of reality. Even with this basic truth, the importance of studying the liberal arts, of studying humanities is seen. As much as there is a need to study science and to explore the world in the way that scientists wish to app roach it, there is also a need to study the liberal arts and humanities and the opposite way by which humanists approach the world. It is, quite possibly, through the intersection of the approaches of both bodies of knowledge that true reality can be understood.However, there is another reason for studying the liberal arts and the humanities. It has been studied by scientists that the human brain is cleft into two. These two hemispheres are in charge of two different aspects of human behavior. The left hemisphere is said to be important for sequences, literalness, and analysis. The right hemisphere, on the other hand, deals with context, emotional expression and synthesis. The left brain has been commonly related to the sciences while the right brain has been related to the humanities.Daniel Pink in his article Revenge of the Right Brain stresses the importance of developing the right brain. He indicates that the world is in overdrive to stick to the sciences, to emphasize the devel opment of the left brain. Computer savvy individuals are held at high esteem. Mathematicians are considered to be of top caliber in the human race. However, he points out that the future is not geared towards a simple understanding of numbers and figures. He emphasizes the need to go right, to develop the capabilities of the right brain. Individuals with the ability to create, to synthesize technology with the development of humanity, and to innovate new ways of thinking are needed.There is, therefore, a need to stretch out further than we have dared to go. The success and the development of mankind is not just in understanding the world he or she lives in but also in being able to interact with it creatively. Being a liberally educated person, says William Cronon in Only Connect, means being able to connect with the world and to interact with it in new and creative ways.This brings one to understand that, indeed, the humanities and the sciences are not separate or battling fields. In fact, the two are interrelated and should be used together for the betterment of society. In fact, without the general knowledge of all, both are indeed already converging in areas such as biomedical research, application of microprocessing and computer technologies, conduct of government, arms control, and utilization of natural resources.These are only a few of the many fields where both humanities and science are needed because of their very nature as fields with social and ethical aspects. (The Humanities in American Life, 6) It is thus clear that as much as society today emphasizes the need to develop the study of the natural sciences, it should also encourage the continuation and the development of the study of the different liberal arts and humanities.Although it is clear that there is a need to interrelate the two bodies of knowledge, the need to study the liberal arts and humanities is not simply based on the fact that it contributes to the developments of science. Scien ce is said to be a study engaged in the constant gathering of information. It involves the steady accumulation of data about the world in which man moves and grows.The liberal arts and humanities on the other hand are unorthodox with regards to the view of education as an addition of knowledge one on top of the other. This is because the liberal arts and humanities are concerned with creation. They involve processes of visualizing the future, of imagining the ideal, of creating in the mind the concept of a society and world to be hoped for. The humanities involve the study and the understanding of the culture and the cultural contexts of mankind. (Witt, Brown, Dunbar, Tirro, and Witt, xxvi) It puts things in perspective because, as the initial definition stated, it focuses on the human life.The humanities, then, involves the aspects of life and reality that are not covered by science. These are just as important, and perhaps at times more important, than the fields science handles. This is evidenced by the fact that both fields of knowledge are interrelated. This is evidence by the fact that both approach the study of life from opposite sides. This is what renders the study of humanities and liberal arts important.A.S.P. Woodhouse in his The Nature of Humanities stated,If the humanities are indeed normative, if they mold the mind and sensibility of the student and bring an accession of wisdom, it is by virtue of their subject matter, of the ideas which they present or evoke and the experiences to which they give him entry; and these ideas and experiences achieve their full effect only as they are examined critically, evaluate, and by the student made his own.This shows that the study of the liberal arts and the humanities is essential not only in the fact that its main subject of study is important. An education in the liberal arts teaches an individual to think outside the box. It teaches him or her to become a critical thinker. The world is no longer simply a place of dates, names, theories, and laws. It becomes a place of endless questions and unlimited answers; answers that can be wrong, right, or somewhere in between. The human being becomes someone with the capacity to reject or accept the validity of everything occurring around him. More importantly, man becomes someone with the capacity to create, change, and redefine the world in which he or she lives. The liberal arts and humanities empowers man and makes him the center of his world. It also humbles man, placing him in a world that continues to provoke thought, emotion, and exploration.Works CitedCommission on the Humanities. The Humanities in American Life: Report of the Commission on Humanities. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1980.Cronon, William. Only connect†¦the goals of liberal education. The American Scholar, 67(1998)Frye, Northrop. The Educated Imaginaion. Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press. 1974Pink, Daniel H. Revenge of the right brain. Wir ed Magazine, 13(2005) Retrieved 29 March 2008 from Witt, Brown, Dunbar, Tirro, and Witt. The Humanities. 7th ed. Jean Woy. Berkeley, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005.Woodhouse, A.S.P. The nature of humanities. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1989.

Lord Of The Flies Analysis

Lord of the Flies is a film, based on a book written by William Golding. It begins during an evacuation at the time of war. We are shown two schools, a state school and a private choir school. The choir school is more upper class and posh, whereas the state school is middle class. We are shown that the plane crashes after being hit by lightening in an electric storm. It lands near the south pacific. After we are shown the images of the plane crash, we are shown the first two characters in the film, Ralf and Piggy, who both appear lost and slightly distressed. Piggy introduces himself and begins to talk to Ralf about himself. He asks if there are any grown ups, clearly being used to the authority and guidance of adults in society. Ralf then asks Piggy if he is going to join him for a swim in the lagoon. Piggy says that his auntie wouldn't let him on ‘account of his asthma', showing that he still respects the guidance of adults. They find a shell on the beach and refer to it as a ‘conch', a name that they have learned in previous society. This conch later becomes a symbol of authority to prevent argument. Ralf blows the conch to attract attention, so that he and piggy can begin to restore social order. The conch gives the desired effect, a young boy approaches, then more children begin to appear, including a group of choir singers, being led by Jack, a young boy giving orders to the other choir members. The boys begin to introduce themselves, many in the way that they have been taught through secondary socialisation, Piggy asks one boy for his name, to which he responds ‘Percival Reams Maddison' this boy also gives his home address and telephone number, as he has been bought up with this being acceptable social behavior. Piggy pipes up, asking that a name be repeated. But Jack says, â€Å"You're talking too much. Shut up, Fatty. † There is laughter all around; he is singled out because he is different. Ralph says, â€Å"He's not Fatty, his real name's Piggy. † Ralf means well but further embarrasses Piggy; there is more laughter, louder this time. To maintain social order, the children decide to select a leader using democracy, something which they have also learned during secondary socialisation. They vote to give somebody the higher status as leader. All of the choir boys vote Jack as they are clearly used to him as their leader and he is an authoritative character. All of the other boys vote for Ralf, selecting him as ‘chief' of the island. The boys go on an ‘expedition' to find out if the island is completely uninhabited and to see if it really is an island or if there is land attached further on. Most of the older boys are selected to go on the expedition, but Jack tells Piggy that he can't come. Ralf tries to resolve this situation by telling Piggy that they need him to look after the younger children. The children play about on their expedition. They may be acting like adults, but they are still children, going along with their childlike instincts to play. Eventually they come to a high point on the island and can clearly see that it is an uninhabited island. A group of the boys become the hunters; they set out to find food for the children, but cannot bring themselves to kill their find – a pig. This is because it is against the norm and would probably be seen as deviant in the society that they have been brought up in. To them, this seems inhumane and wrong. When the boys return to the rest of the children, they explain that it is an island. Ralf is reassuring about the situation, telling the others that it will be alright. Jack uses ethnocentricity to bring up the mood of the children saying â€Å"We're British and the British are best at everything! † You can tell at this point that Jack wants to be leader. Piggy is more negative about the situation, claiming to have seen a beast on the island. Some of the other boys begin to fear this ‘beast'. Piggy states that nobody knows where they are, but the others take no notice of this intelligent contribution. The boys start a fire and the choir boys promise to keep the fire going to attract attention in case of the chance of rescue. At this point, the boys have begun to look far more scruffy, they are wearing torn clothes, no tops and carrying wooden spears, rather than the neat, thick layers of uniform that they began with. They begin to build huts, but as they do so, they still play about in the sea because of their child instincts. After a few days on the island, we can clearly see that their behaviour has changed dramatically, their faces covered in mud used as tribal paint, their clothes scruffy and dirty, carrying spears and hunting animals. Now they can bring themselves to kill the pig and even chant ‘kill the pig, slit its throat, batter it' as they carry it back to he huts on a spear. When the hunters reach the huts, Ralf and Piggy are both angry with them for letting the fire go out because of a passing plane. If there was fire, it may have caught the attention of the aircraft and they could have been rescued. When Piggy tells them off, Jack hits him and Piggy's glasses break. Piggy is clearly very hurt by this. The other boys laugh at this while eating like savages, showing their changes in behaviour and forgetting manners that would have been important in British society. Piggy is hungry with no food. Jack tells him that he hasn't done as much work as the others. He says that he has done as much work as Simon and Jack and therefore deserves as much food. Simon gives Piggy his food and Jack, almost unwillingly, gives his. After this, the other boys continue to chant â€Å"Kill the pig, slit its throat, batter it! † This further upsets Piggy. At this point, an assembly is called while the boys continue to chant in a humiliating fashion. During the assembly, a young boy once again brings up the apparent sightings of ‘the beast'. Many of the young boys begin to talk about this, talking of ghosts and the beast coming out of the sea. We then see a distant large object coming towards them from far out in the sea. Simon says ‘maybe there is a beast' and the boys begin to ponder the idea of ghosts. Piggy says that there is no supernatural beast, that there are scientific explanations. He is being reassuring and making intelligent contributions to the discussion. Simon is also reassuring, claiming that he doesn't believe in the beast. Jack wants power and says that Piggy is making up stories, like his ‘teacher' implying that Ralf also makes up stories. The twins, Sam and Eric, explore the island and whilst doing so, they find what they think to be ‘the beast'. They run away screaming, claiming to have seen ‘the beast'. Sam and Eric run back to the others and tell them of their findings. The older boys decide to go in search of ‘the beast' while Piggy stays at the main camp and takes the role as teacher, teaching the young ones the history of the name Cambridge. The boys come to find what they think is ‘the beast' and run away screaming, without seeing that it is not a beast, but the pilot, hanging from a tree by his parachute. Later on that evening, Jack tries to turn the others against Ralf and leaves the group to be his own leader. Others begin to join him gradually and they attack the area of the island at night where Ralf and the others are. They are wearing mudded face paint all over, like a separate tribe. They attempt to steal fire wood and in the process create a frenzy. In this time, Simon has gone in search of the beast which he claims to not believe in. This turns out to be a disastrous mistake, as the others mistake him for ‘the beast' when he is crawling through the bushes. He is murdered by his peers. The next day, Jack asks who of the boys are left. Piggy says that only the two of them and some of the younger boys are still on their part of the island, the others have all joined Jack. This shows us that they have created a sub-culture on the island with common values and similar behaviour patterns. Ralf talks to Piggy about the night before, saying that it was murder. Piggy denies this and can't even bring himself to say the word murder. This is clearly out of regret. It is because he knows that this is deviant and that normality has almost vanished on the island. When the boys steal Piggy's glasses in an attack, he says that he can't see without them. He and Ralf go to the other part of the island in an attempt to retrieve his glasses. Ralf tries to reason with the others. He tries to inform them of what wrong they are doing, but the boys don't take him seriously. Some of the boys on the top of the cliff decide to push off a large boulder, which lands on Piggy and kills him. This is murder and shows that much of their norms and values have changed during their time away from society. Eventually, the others chase Ralf through clouds of smoke caused by a fire, which turns out to have attracted the attention of members of the Navy, who come to rescue the boys by boat. Ralf cries at this, clearly glad that he is to get way from this disaster and return to the society that he is used to. The film shows us how peoples' values can change over a short period of time, their views of things and what they have learned from secondary and even primary socialisation can be altered by changes in their surroundings, culture and lack of authority. They create cultural diversity in having different values to their previous society e. g. the killing of the pig, which was previously thought of as deviant and wrong, became a norm of the children on the island. The film benefits me as a Sociology student, it shows me that instincts are something that can be learned and changed over a short period of time and that people will often follow the stronger leader rather than the leader with good intentions. Lord of the Flies Analysis â€Å"And in the middle of them, with filthy body, matted hair, and unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy†¦ † Written in 1954, when the world was trapped in a state of utter confusion and disarray as a result of the aftermath left by World War Two as well as the unpredictable conditions brought by the Cold War, William Golding's â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is an allegorical novel that centers on the darkest depths of human souls. Lord of the Flies†, on the surface, may resemble any other children adventure story. Beyond its literal sense, however, it actually has a lot more to offer: it is an attempt to unfold the superficiality and fragility of civilization, a pessimistic and dark commentary on our innate human nature and a downright challenge to the deep-rooted societal belief that children, British children in particular, must be naturally virtuous. Such unprecedented thematic focus, together with the extraordinary degrees of political realism portrayed symbolically in the novel, make â€Å"Lord of the Flies† a truly brilliant, remarkable and ground-breaking classic of all time. The novel opens with a group of British schoolboys who find themselves stranded on an unidentified Pacific island after a serious plane crash. With no adult surviving the crash, the boys are left to fend for themselves. Ralph, our protagonist, plays the role of a leader by summoning them all to the beach with the help of a conch shell. Here is where our antagonist, Jack and his choirboys are introduced. As seemingly educated and civilized children, the group is absolutely rational at the outset: they hold an election to vote for a chief (Ralph is elected); they formulate rules to maintain discipline; they take up different responsibilities and duties. Unfortunately, the children's goodness and self-discipline are quickly overridden by their underlying evil, barbaric and sadistic instincts. Without restrictions or rules created by civilization, the children sink deep into a life of sheer savagery and immorality – hunting, chanting and killing all day long. This results in a series of horrible, bloody and frightening events, including oppression of the weak, power struggle and even murders. Toward the end, Jack who is atrocious and animalistic replaces Ralph who is sensible and far-sighted as chief on the island, suggesting the complete collapse of morality, both within the characters and on the island. The novel ends with the return of order and sanity only when a British naval officer comes to their rescue. True that the children are now saved from the lone island, but is there any rescue or escape from our innate darkness? Read also Analysis of Characters in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† The above mentioned intriguing and melodramatic plot of â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is definitely creditable. Yet, the gist of the novel, in my opinion, lies not in the plot but the many sophisticated and powerful symbolisms that it embodies. For example, it is obvious that Ralph and Jack are employed as a symbolism of two competing impulses in men, and the conch shell described above is also used as a symbol of rule and order. One may ask then, what about the book title â€Å"Lord of the Flies†? What does this book title symbolize, and what insights can we obtain from it? The Lord of the Flies, as a matter of fact, is both a telling imagery and symbolism. It primarily refers to an image that can be found in Chapter 8 of the novel – the image of a black blob of flies flying around a sow's head that is put on a sharpened stake. This imagery denotes the very essence of Golding's dark look at human nature, and it is so significant and powerful that even the novel is titled according to it. To understand the symbolism of the Lord of the Flies, we must first comprehend the representation of the pig's head and the buzzing flies that revolve around it, as these are the two essential elements that construct the imagery. In the novel, the pig's head is a representation of everything that is evil, not only because it is created out of the children's ruthlessness and sadism but also because the pig's head is instilled with very sinister qualities, for example, it grins malevolently at Simon, the only purely good character in the novel. The buzzing flies, on the other hand, is meant to be a symbolism of human beings in general. By depicting in details how the flies are instinctively drawn to the filthy and grotesque pig's head, therefore, Golding satirizes the fact that human beings make no difference from the blind and sightless flies, as we are also naturally drawn to evilness and savagery when civilization is not present. In fact, this imagery recurs in the last scene of the novel, when the children are running across the hill under the led of Jack, wishing to hunt Ralph down. When viewed afar, the group of children appear as black dots that resemble the flies, and their frenzied attraction to Jack is just like the flies' natural inclination toward the unpleasant pig's head. As such, with the use of such compelling symbolism, Golding's notion on humanity is reinforced – Evilness does not arise from external sources. It is always there in us, looking for a chance to be unleashed and released. I am also tremendously impressed by Golding's ingenious use of contrast between the exposition and resolution in the novel. Distinct contrast can be seen in terms of setting, physical appearance of the children and even the dictions that Golding utilizes to address the boys. These effective contrasts highlights the fragility of the veneer of civilization, showing how readily humans can return to our primitive nature. In the opening of the novel, the island that the children are marooned on is one that is beauteous, if not paradise-like. There is a lagoon where water shimmers, a beach with warm sand as well as a palm terrace filled with all sorts of tropical fruits. Butterflies also flutter across the island elegantly, heightening the sense of tranquility and harmony on it. The children, on the other hand, are in absolute order. Dressed in neat uniforms, Jack and his choirboys are â€Å"marching approximately in step in two parallel lines† and are â€Å"wearing a square black cap with a silver badge on it†. These exquisite descriptions suggest that the boys do in fact come from an educated background, and therefore are expected to have a high sense of civility in them. As everything is still orderly and undisturbed, the group is referred as â€Å"children† or â€Å"schoolboys† by Golding. Yet, as civilization and order collapse, and as the children willingly turn away from civilization, tremendous changes take place. The earthly paradise that is offered at the beginning is gone, and is replaced by an image of an earthly purgatory. This is due to the fact that toward the end of the novel, the children's insanity and wickedness have reached such a peak that they have set the whole island ablaze for the sake of smoking Ralph out to kill him. The appearances of the boys, on the other hand, are also far from what have been presented at the outset. Instead of tidily uniformed, the children are now naked, with their faces camouflaged like â€Å"demoniac figures with faces of white and red and green†. The choirboys are also no longer singing but are chanting and howling in a frenzy of madness. Basically, everything on the island has been so eroded and devastated that now Golding does not see any ‘human' quality in the boys and thus addresses them as â€Å"savages† and â€Å"animals† only. As such, the clever use of contrasts reveals the rapid process of moral decay inside the characters, reinforcing the idea that morality is only conditional. Golding's attempt to delineate the inherently wicked nature of men is certainly successful and thought-provoking. Yet, the ultimate reason that constitutes my strong sense of admiration for him is due to his ability to infuse political realism as well as political satire into his story. Written in the 1950s when the world was recovering from devastation of World War II, the horror of totalitarianism was still fresh in the author's mind. Hence, it is true to say that â€Å"Lord of the Flies† can also be read as a conflict between rival political systems. By telling a tragic story of how a group of children gradually betray their democratic and elected leader, Ralph to support a downright autocratic and dictatorial leader, Jack, Golding satirizes the blindness and short-sightedness of people in his time as a lot of them would really give their support to the totalitarian leaders frantically. In the novel, under Jack's rule in the Castle rock, the â€Å"littleluns† often suffer severely from oppression as the leaders of the often abuse their power. This creates a contrast with Ralph's rule in which all people regardless of age are granted a right to speak in the assembly. This stark contrast reveals Golding's political viewpoint: given that it is human nature to desire for more power and to abuse power, a totalitarian regime cannot be tolerated because this would mean a lot of weaker people having no voice in a society. On the contrary, democracy should be upheld and treasured at all times because it is only with democracy that citizens, regardless of backgrounds, can be sufficiently represented in a society. All the above paragraphs demonstrate the reasons why I consider â€Å"Lord of the Flies† a true classic. However, â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is in fact never my favorite novel at all. As far as the arrangement of the story goes, I think William Golding has done a brilliant job. Yet, what restrains it from becoming my â€Å"all time favorite† novel is that Golding's perception on human nature is too dark for me to agree with. While I understand that the novel was produced in the midst of a chaotic century, with wars and conflicts wrecking havoc on our earth, that did not mean one could easily make the conclusion that every person must be predominantly evil. For instance, even in a state of war, there are great personalities such as Oskar Schindler and Raoul Wallenberg who dare to risk their lives and reputation to save the innocents. In fact, The Yad Vashem Museum in Jerusalem is founded primarily to honor at least over 11,000 â€Å"Righteous Gentles† who secretly assisted or rescued the guiltless Jews. Golding certainly has no justification to deny the greatness that these people display. I do reckon that certain instincts within us are directing us to immorality but it is definitely not a fact that everyone would resort to unethical ways when there is no restriction to bound us. At the end of the day, whatever comes our way, we always have a choice, and there are people who choose to do what is right. â€Å"Fancy thinking the beast was something you could hunt and kill? † – this is a question posed by the Lord of the Flies in the middle part of the novel. Even after reading the novel for repeated times, I still believe â€Å"Yes, the process may be hard as it takes a great deal of courage, determination and faith but the beast can surely be killed, as long as we want to. â€Å" Lord of the Flies Analysis â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a book written by William Golding in 1954, a decade after World War II that inspired the Nobel Prize winning novel. From 1939—1945 World War II had killed millions of troops and civilians alike, destroying the world’s economy with total war. Had this chaos continued on, the world would have been completely destroyed and civilization would have ceased to exist. Similarly, in â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, the boys start out with an orderly civilization but soon descend into chaos and violence resulting in the death of two boys, one on accident and one on purpose. Lord of the Flies† demonstrates how once the boundaries and restrictions of civilization are ignored or shunned, humans will use their savage instincts and chaos will reign over. Having witnessed all this with his own eyes as a naval commander, Golding wrote the novel to stop any more outbreak of war and to encourage peace but he also wrote it to show the world how all humans had an inner evil and a savage instinct that would take over once their rational side was gone. The novel is a microcosm of the real world, with each character or object representing an aspect of human nature, but at the same time a macrocosm of the human brain. The conch represents order and authority, Piggy’s glasses representing knowledge, insight and wisdom. Piggy himself is the scientific analytical part of society; Ralph represents the democratic orderly aspect of society; Jack the tyrannical ignorant society and Simon the innocent aspect. In a way, these children symbolize real life characters of World War II, Piggy Albert Einstein, as he knew the atomic bomb was a mistake, Ralph Franklin Roosevelt as he failed to prevent World War II, Jack Adolf Hitler a crazy dictator. In the earlier stages of the novel, Golding shows that when humans are in civilization and kept within rules they will follow them and be orderly. Ralph, then leader of the tribe, says, â€Å"We can’t have everybody talking at once. We’ll have to have ‘Hands-up’ like at school. † In this, he says that they will make rules and follow them in order to stay orderly for a better chance of rescue and staying alive. He is trying to stay rational: keeping the rules of his old life and ensuring that they don’t descend into savagery and become atavistic. This shows that humans do have the capacity to be civilized, peaceful and orderly if they are nurtured well enough and they are taught what is right and wrong. Secondly, Golding demonstrates how humans have an inner urge to hurt others and will only hold back due to past punishments and teachings. This is shown in, â€Å"Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them – threw to miss †¦ here, invisible yet strong was the taboo of old life†. In this quote, Roger is throwing rocks at Percival Wenys Madison who is playing by the beach. It shows how society is starting to fall apart as the biguns are using their strength and power to bully the littluns. However, Roger can’t bring himself to hit Percival with the rocks, as there was still the â€Å"protection of parents and school and policemen and the law†, since the vestiges of his old life still held strong. In this Chapter, the tribe has just built their civilization and the civilized, rational side is stronger than their savage, instinctive side. However, it is obvious that the tribe’s sensible side will break down soon; the biguns will lose any respect or bindings they felt to these rules; and murder, violence and torture will rage through the tribe. This is conclusively shown when Roger rolls a massive boulder down at Piggy at Castle Rock when he is so savage he is no longer â€Å"throwing to miss†. This shows how humans have a inner urge to hurt and torment others as Roger throws stones holding back only due to his past life, but doing it freely the second civilization is gone. Next, Golding shows the continuing descent into savagery when Jack puts on a mask to hide himself from shame and self-consciousness. â€Å"Became a bloodthirsty snarling†¦ the mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness. † In this quote, Jack Merridew has put on a mask to hide himself from others, so that he can act however he wishes to, without his movements and actions being judged by others. Because of this, he acts savagely and primitively, snarling bloodthirstily. The verb â€Å"Snarl† is generally used on savage animals like lions and wolves; to use it on a human shows that they are being atavistic and becoming a primal being. While this is definitely savage behavior, as Jack puts on a mask, snarls at others and also goes hunting, it is not so bad as the mask is in a way a good thing. While the boys are increasingly savage, but they still refuse to succumb to the primal instincts in the open where everyone knows it’s them; of course a mask does not make much of a difference but it shows that they still prefer to have something to hide behind. Ultimately, the boys are still descending into savagery and civilization is breaking down, though not too badly. Moreover, Golding in the novel also suggests that also humans have an inner evil, a â€Å"beast† within them. We can see this from the quote found in Chapter 5 â€Å"Maybe there’s a beast†¦ maybe it’s only us. † Simon says this in the assembly the boys called to discuss the beast. While most of the boys laugh off this â€Å"preposterous† suggestion, Simon is the first to realize that the beast is not an external being, but a part of the boys themselves, a component of the human mind. These words are a vital part of Golding’s proposition that humankind has an inner evil within them, a â€Å"beast† that can be unleashed, a capacity to be evil. This is shown when the boys savagely kill Simon mistaking him for the beast and also when they stick a Pigs head on a stick, planning on doing the same with Ralph. These actions are considered savage and impossible for every human on earth, let alone a group of 8-year-old British children. Therefore, Golding demonstrates that all humans have an inner capacity to be evil, a â€Å"beast† within. Golding also proved that humans would lose control of themselves once the boundaries of civilization are gone and they will succumb to their savage instincts. â€Å"’If only they could get a message to us,† cried Ralph desperately, ‘If only they could us something grown-up†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ . This quote shows that the tribe’s laws are starting to disappear and slip away. They are losing control of themselves and letting go of their civilized instincts. Ralph thinks this when the boys start to behave savagely and go hunting half-naked with masks on etc. They are completely losing control of themselves and letting their savage instincts overpower their civilized instincts. This shows Golding’s point that humans will lose control of civilization and their rational side of their mind when they are left alone for too long without a civilization to stick to. Also, Golding presents how humans all have an inner urge to hurt others and a desire to inflict pain upon others. This can be best seen in the quote: â€Å"Roger ran around the heap, prodding with his spear, whenever pig flesh appeared. Jack was on top of the sow, stabbing downward with his knife. † During this quote, the boys are on a hunt for the beast, after hearing about its existence on top of the mountain from Sam and Eric. However, they see a pig and they decide to stop for a pig hunt. After they successfully slow down the pig with a thrown spear and they catch it, the boys start savagely piling on to the pig and stabbing it to kill it. With Jack and Roger stabbing down whenever they see Pig flesh, this scene can seem very savage and uncanny for boys their age to act like this. This scene can not only be associated with murder which is already a extremely savage crime reserved only for perhaps the perhaps the worst of human kind but can also be associated with rape which is one of the most savage crimes mankind can commit if not the most savage, primal and barbaric act that exists. Also, the boys were not only killing the pig savagely, but they were also hard-driven by themselves to kill this pig, which can be seen from this quote. The desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering†, this quote also shows that the boys acted out of instinct and desire, showing that their gradual descent into savagery is speeding up and this sudden moment is a very steep decline, which pushes the boys from civilized British boys, to tribal savages. Also, in this quote, the boys are not even hunting a pig, but playing a mock-hunt with a human! This fully proves that humans have a natural instinct to hurt others and inflict pain as they savagely killed the pig because the y had the desire to squeeze and hurt. Within the novel, Golding shows that humankind will completely stray away from civilization when given chance to not be restricted. â€Å"The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist. † In this quote, Roger – upon deciding that he was feeling left out of the confrontation down below between Ralph and Jack – leans his weight against a boulder which tumbles down the cliff and strikes Piggy, who is killed by the boulder, and the conch is destroyed oo. As mentioned earlier, the conch is a symbol of civilization the boys used to keep themselves orderly. However it is destroyed when the boulder rolls down symbolizing the loss of order and rationale to the boulder, likely symbolizing savagery and bloodlust. Also Piggy who represents the scientific, analyzing, smart side of the human mind is killed, showing that all that is left in the tribe is the savage and evil of Jack and Roger as Ralp h is completely disregarded by the tribe. This is showing that without civilization, humans (Jack and the tribe) will rid themselves of rational and order (Piggy and the conch) and act as they will instead of being civilized and orderly. Finally, Golding shows humans still have some good in them, as they will weep and regret their wrongs and act civilized when given the chance to be in a civilized orderly world, but also explicitly states that there is evil in all human hearts. This can be seen in the quote from Page 225 in Chapter 12: â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called Piggy. This quote is the second last paragraph of the novel and occurs just after the naval officer has come on to the island due to being drawn by the fire caused by Jack’s tribe and his manhunt for Ralph. When Ralph sees the officer in his escape for life, he suddenly realizes that he will reach home safe and sound, away from his death on the island . However, for Ralph the prospect of rescue and home is not of joy beyond compare, as he has lost his innocence through their savage adventures upon this doomed island and he has also learnt and understood that evil lurks in all human beings. Through this quote, Golding connects clearly Ralph sense of despair and self-reflection to two vital themes within the novel: the boys loss of innocence and their rapid descent into savagery and the darkness in man’s heart that caused the trauma on the island and also World War II. Also, the noun â€Å"darkness† can be connoted with evil and savagery. However, Golding not only shows that evil lurks in man’s heart, but in this quote alone, I think Golding also wants to show that humans are capable of goodness and the ability to self-reflect and improve. This can be seen as Ralph â€Å"weeps for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart†. He feels regretful of what has happened on the island even though he himself had little or no part in the fall into savagery and process of becoming atavistic. â€Å"The fall through the air of a true, wise friend Piggy† shows that Ralph is reflecting what happened on the island and he finally comes to realize how important Piggy was to him and society, he was smart, intelligent and civilized, had they listened to him, all this would likely have never happened. This weeping and self-reflecting from Ralph shows that Golding still believes that there is some good within mankind and that they are not completely evil. In conclusion, Golding presents humanity as evil and shows humans have to be nurtured to be good. He is saying that in the battle of Nature vs. Nurture humans will usually succumb to Nature and Instinct and be Evil and Barbaric, if they are not nurtured by something or someone else to be good. To do this effectively, He has used young, innocent boys to show that even the ideal image of innocence (children) will be evil if they are not nurtured. Also, the fact that they are British shows that even with the best nurturing in the world: Britain, at least in perception has very good manners and being one of the most civilized countries in the world. If they are left not nurtured, they will be evil and follow natural human evil instinct. This connects to the overall message of the novel, which is saying that all humans will become evil if left outside of civilization, and the hidden overall message being that if the Second World War were continuously fought down the road, human civilization would be destroyed just like the boy’s civilization. And it is related to this story because it is showing the adults and the Nazis are also being evil because they are succumbing to nature and forgetting about nurturing. However, this story could be a fable because story is very unrealistic and had close to 0% chances of happening because 6 or 7 year olds would not want to stick a pig let alone a stick person’s head on a stick. Lord of the Flies Analysis â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man' heart, and the fall through the air of his true, wise friend called Piggy† demonstrates the main theme of this novel: man is evil by nature. The three things that Ralph weeps for are the lessons he has on this island: innocent boys become savage; all human beings have evil deep inside their hearts and the fall of science and rationality before the evil of human. These three issues are developed throughout the whole novel with this passage as the conclusion of the main theme – human beings are evil by nature.The plot of William Golding's novel  Lord of the Flies  suggests that Golding supports the biblical idea that every human is born tainted with evil, and that men are born savage, driven by their instincts. Chaos and savagery come about as a result of men trying to attain pleasure without making any sacrifice or applying any effort. While order and civilization are situations in which humans are force d to suppress their instincts and follow rules to attain higher goals.In a world with rule and order we're forced to put on a mask of respectability and sacrifice some pleasures for the greater good of society. The society we live in shapes and forms us to act the way we do, but it cannot completely wipe out the savage nature of men, for that is our base foundation. Golding demonstrates this world-view by putting English boys alone to fend for themselves on an island without any adults to enforce civilization. Each of the characters define parts of society.Ralph represents law and democracy, Piggy represents innovation and discovery, Simon represents the natural goodness in humanity, Jack represents tyranny, Roger represents cruelty and injustice, the littluns represent the common poor people, and the bigguns represent the higher class in the society. The novel shows what happens when these elements of society clash without laws. At first, the idea of order and civilization is still fresh in the boys' minds as they decide to make laws and pick a leader. They pick Ralph as their leader because of his responsible attitude, which shows that they care for law and order.Ralph decides that whoever is holding the conch shell has the right to speak, a rule which suggests civilization through democracy, and which establishes the conch shell as an important symbol for civilization. The boys are then split into groups and are given certain tasks, an arrangement which also shows their civilized attitude. Ralph, sensing a savage streak in Jack, and feeling intimidated, decides to put Jack's savageness to use by making him the leader of the hunting team. Piggy is a rational and intellectual boy who gives them the best ideas.He is innovative and also represents order on the island. He wants to return to civilization so he tells them to light a fire so that passing ships might see it as an SOS signal. One night Jack and his hunters decide to steal Piggy's glasses (which they use to light the fire) and accidentally break them, causing Piggy to lose the ability to see the world as it is. The first time Jack tries to hunt he still has some feelings of order in him which make him afraid to kill the pig. Later his determination is driven by instinct, which releases his true human nature.With savagery awoken inside him he overthrows Ralph and persuades the rest of the boys to join his tribe. The boys, who are also now driven by their instinct as there is nothing enforcing civilization upon them, quickly agree. They hunt and kill a pig and fix its head to a pole. Flies then begin to circle around it, as do the boys themselves. The pig's head stands for the savagery of their hunt, which was motivated by instinct, an instinct that was driven by evil. Although Jack is the main representative of savagery, he is not the only one.Roger is another example. He is cruel and brutal, and his main goal is to please and impress Jack, from which he gets gratification. Inste ad of making an effort and trying different approaches, he follows his instincts which tell him to torture the other boys, and he eventually murders Piggy by rolling a boulder at him. Even the island serves as a symbol for order versus chaos. When they first arrive on the island everything is neat and beautiful, but once they are driven by instinct and savagery the island becomes dirty and damaged.Their savage instincts drive them to kill, they need something to believe in so they decide to believe in the â€Å"Beastie. † It gives them a reason to kill Simon. Their last shred of civilization is shattered along with the conch shell, which served as a symbol for order from the beginning. With that gone, and the death of the boys who died on the island, their innocence is lost. Society's impact on the suppression of human instinct become clear when the Naval Officer arrives on the island to see why the fire is lit.He is dressed in uniform and leads others to order. Since he is t he first adult to intervene he is seen as a suppresser of human instinct. He makes the boys realize what they have done. Realisation begins with Ralph, as he remembers the deaths of the other boys and the savage ways they turned to. Soon they all begin to cry as they realize that slowly and step by step they got carried away by instinct. Instinct was the only thing that taught them how to survive on the island but they see the faults and errors in it. Lord of the Flies Analysis Lord of the flies: A beast among us Stranded on an island, a group of young boys face the challenge of forming a healthy community. Ralph, in charge of the conch and with the aid of Piggy and his glasses tries to establish civilized order. The society lives on the island in harmony until Jack, in pursuit of power, creates his own tribe and degrades to savagery and murder. In Lord of the Flies, Golding suggests that there is a savage side to every one of us that leads and inclines to the abolishment of order. At the evident concern of the littleuns, Ralph and the hunters go on a mission to find the beast.Midway through their expedition, they are startled by a pig, which they were unable to catch. Quickly afterwards they made a ring and started doing a pig dance, using one of the boys as the pig, while chanting a chant. â€Å"Ralph too was fighting to get near, to get a handful of that brown, vulnerable flesh. The desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering† (Golding 114). In this scene, Ralph’s savage side begins to open up, his desire to hurt â€Å"over-mastering†. The phrase â€Å"over-mastering† hints at the idea that Ralph is a slave to his own desire; he does not govern it, but is governed by it.This scene is a major contrast to the state that Ralph is found in just a bit before this. He is sitting down and examining himself over while the boys stop to eat some fruit. â€Å" He pulled distastefully at his grey shirt and wondered whether he might undertake the adventure of washing it†¦He would like to have a pair of scissors to cut his hair†¦ he would like to have a bath†¦ then there were his nails –â€Å" (109). Unknowingly, Ralph’s lifestyle merged into a lifestyle of one who resembles a savage. This was now a new â€Å"normal†. Yet he tries to implement order back into his existence by making himself look presentable.By making an attempt to cleansing himself of the savage look on the outs ide, Ralph fails to understand that the true savage mark and distinction is hid under the skin, and that, is not possible to wash away. No mater how much he will try to maintain order, his fleshly lusts will master over his mind. Roger follows Henry, one of the littluns, and starts throwing rocks in his direction, for the mere purpose of his want and entertainment. â€Å"At first he had hidden behind a great palm, but Henry’s absorption with the transparencies were so obvious that at last he stood out in full view† (61).Roger tries not to be seen, for he is doing something he is not supposed to. The rules of his old life still have a hold on him. He starts throwing the rocks at Henry. â€Å"Yet there was a space around Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter into which he dared not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law. Roger’s arm was condition ed by civilization that knew nothing of him and was in ruins† (62).The evident want to hurt and to taunt is awakening inside Roger; his savage side is questioning the order that he was raised in. The civilization meant nothing to him, Roger was just taught to obey it. Order was something he was â€Å"conditioned† to do, an acquired trait, a habit. Savagery was subdued from the very beginning, by the adults in his life. It was so natural; one didn’t have to think about what he was doing for the mere fact that it was done to feed that particular desire. Later on, Jack splits and forms his own tribe, and is accompanied by a vast majority of the children including Roger.Ralph and his troops march up to Jacks guarded camp and try to implement and reestablish the order that once used to exist. As Piggy tries to talk some sense into the children, holding the conch, Roger once again starts to throw rocks. â€Å"High overhead, Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment , leaned all his weight on the lever. Ralph heard the great rock before he saw it†¦the rock struck Piggy†¦ the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist† (181). On the beach with Henry, Roger had a sense of boundary that he knew he could not cross.His body was aware of the order that was taught to him. Yet he still pushed the limits ever so slightly, throwing rocks but not reaching his target. Here, intoxicated from his savage desires Roger catapults a huge rock down at Piggy, shattering the conch that Piggy held. Through out the book, the conch is a symbol of authority and order, as it used to call assemblies together and organized the children in the first place. Not being able to cross the boundaries of order before, Roger crushes it after giving in to his primitive impulses. Simon seems to be the only one who lacks this savage like aspiration.Finding the beast after witnessing the horrible death inflicted upon the sow by Jack and the hunt ers, Simon now confirms his idea; that there is no beast, maybe it’s just us? â€Å"Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill!†¦ You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you† (143). The beast is also referred to as â€Å"Lord of the Flies†. It translates into Beelzebub. â€Å"†¦ The prince of Devils. And it is the beast – the beast that is part of all men. â€Å"The materialization of this devil coincides with the emergence of evil in the boys, revealed in the act that they commit† (Bufkin 4).There is something evil lurking in all , and seen through the children on the island, most of them denied that it was indeed their own self who was causing the destruction to their own society. Bibliography Bufkin, F. C. â€Å"Lord of the Flies: An Analysis. † The Georgia Review 19. 1 (Spring 1965): 40-57. Rpt in Children’s Literature Review. Ed. Allison Marion. Vol. 94. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Literature Resou rce Center. Web. 23 Oct. 2012 Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London: Penguin Books, 1954. Print.